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Lin Xiang

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Conference Open access 2026

RShield: A User-level Traceable Backdoor Watermark for LLMs in Embedding-as-a-Service

RShield is proposed, a multi-bit backdoor watermarking that enables reliable user-level attri-bution of LLMs for EaaS under model extraction attacks, and achieves 100% multi-bit watermark recovery and high semantic fidelity under model extraction attacks compared to existing methods.

Lin Xiang, Yufan Zhong, Chengfu Ou et al. · 0 citations