Long Shao

Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Bone Infection: Mechanisms of Action, Engineering Strategies, and Translational Applications

Abstract Bone infections, including chronic osteomyelitis, implant-associated infection, and infected bone defects, remain among the most refractory challenges in orthopedics, as they involve persistent microbial retention together with defective bone regeneration. Their pathogenesis extends beyond bacterial colonizati...