Lu-Lu Zhang

Macrophage immunometabolic reprogramming in inflammatory repair failure in osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The classical “vascular occlusion” model does not fully account for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Femoral head collapse may progress despite restored perfusion, and ischemia alone cannot adequately explain steroid-associated ONFH. We propose that ONFH involves disruption of bone-vascular-immune homeostasis,...