Ambient Air Quality Assessment During Residential Construction in Jimbaran, Bali
Construction activities can temporarily degrade ambient air quality through fuel-combustion emissions and fugitive dust. This study assessed baseline conditions and predicted pollutant dispersion during a residential development in Jimbaran, Bali. Ambient sampling was conducted at a roadside/front-boundary point and the central project site on 22–23 May 2026 for SO?, NO?, CO, O?, non-methane hydrocarbons, TSP, Pb, PM??, and PM?.?. Construction-related increments of SO?, NO?, CO, TSP, PM??, and PM?.? were evaluated using emission-factor calculations and a Gaussian line-source screening model under atmospheric stability class B, a 1.5 m/s wind speed, and a 1.5 m receptor height. All baseline parameters complied with Indonesian ambient air standards, and the initial air quality index was classified as good. At a representative 100 m receptor, both material/equipment mobilization and building-construction scenarios remained below the standards. However, a conservative 10 m mobilization scenario increased NO? to 224.50 µg/m³ and TSP to 484.05 µg/m³ at the roadside point, exceeding the respective standards of 200 and 230 µg/m³. Modelled increments declined sharply with distance, indicating that the principal risk is localised around project access and material-handling routes. The findings support prioritizing covered loads, road wetting, speed control, immediate removal of spilled material, equipment maintenance, and targeted monitoring of NO2, TSP, PM??, and PM?.? at near-source receptors. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 3: Good Health and Well-beingSDG 11: Sustainable Cities and CommunitiesSDG 13: Climate Action