Trihalomethane Formation in Zanzibar Groundwater: Environmental Drivers, Hydrochemical Controls, and Disinfection Practices
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are regulated disinfection by-products generated when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter and other reactive precursors in water. Their formation and speciation depend on hydrochemical conditions, halide availability, climate, and operational disinfection practices. This review examines t...