M. G. Annetta

Real-time localization of percutaneous venous drainage cannula tips for cardiopulmonary bypass: A prospective trial comparing intracavitary electrocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography.

INTRODUCTION Accurate positioning of percutaneous venous drainage cannulas in the superior vena cava (SVC) is essential to ensure effective venous return during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), particularly in minimally invasive and re-operative cardiac surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the reference stan...