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M. Guxens

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Open access Aug 2026

Spatial Analysis of Cerebrovascular Hospitalization Risk and Particulate Matter Effects: Evidence from Northern Spain

Cerebrovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. This study aimed to identify geographic patterns and sex differences in unplanned hospital admissions for cerebrovascular diseases, and to assess their association with ambient air pollution within small areas of Asturias, a northern region of Spain that exhibits elevated rates of mortality and morbidity from these pathologies. The study included 20,305 unplanned hospital admissions recorded between 2016 and 2023. Standardized admission ratios, smoothed relative risks, and posterior risk probabilities were estimated using reparameterized Besag–York–Mollié models at the census tract level. Global and Local Moran’s I statistics were computed to evaluate the spatial correlation of admissions. Subsequently, estimates of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were incorporated into the models, adjusting for average net income per person, to assess their association with admission risk and their contribution to the geographical patterns observed. Spatial analysis revealed marked inequalities in cerebrovascular admissions both between sexes and across small areas. High-risk clusters were consistently identified in the north-central coastal area for both sexes. For men, higher PM10 and PM2.5 levels were statistically significantly associated with hospitalizations (PM10: RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.14; PM2.5: RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07–1.40, per 5 µg/m3 increase) and explained part of the spatial variability observed. For women, neither pollutant showed statistically significant associations nor appeared to be associated with the geographic patterns. Integrating both geographic and sex-related factors is essential for identifying high-risk areas and potential risk factors in the burden of cerebrovascular disease. In men, exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 was associated with cerebrovascular hospitalizations and explained part of the spatial variability observed, while no such association was found in women.

I. García-Cuesta, I. Martínez-Pérez, Sami Petricola et al. · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) During Pregnancy and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas in Children

Background/Objectives: Lymphomas are the third most common pediatric malignancy, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) comprising around 7% of childhood cancers. Environmental exposures have been linked to its etiology. Particulate matter (PM) prenatal exposure is increasingly scrutinized for potential effects on early-life carcinogenesis. We investigated whether exposure during pregnancy to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with childhood NHL incidence. Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted in Spain (2009–2016), including 3,682,038 children < 15 years. Incident NHL cases (n = 289) were identified through the Spanish Childhood Tumor Registry. Prenatal PM2.5 and PM10 exposures were estimated using a random forest model. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Exposures were modeled continuously and categorically by tertiles (low, medium, or high exposure) to assess nonlinearity; trimester-specific analyses were also explored. Results: In the analysis with the continuous exposure, higher prenatal PM2.5 was associated with increased odds of NHL, and PM10 showed smaller associations. With categorical variables, medium and high-level exposure to PM2.5 showed an association with higher NHL incidence, especially in the third trimester. High-level exposure to PM10 during the first and second trimesters was linked to a higher NHL incidence in children under five years. Conclusions: Maternal PM2.5 and PM10 exposure during pregnancy could be associated with childhood NHL incidence, with stronger associations among children diagnosed before age 5. These findings warrant replication and mechanistic investigation.

G. Monteagudo, Lidia Pérez Ormita, M. Guxens et al. · 0 citations