M. Mehrazar

Advances and challenges in avian influenza vaccines: From conventional approaches to next-generation strategies

Background Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), particularly highly pathogenic H5 and H7 viruses, pose major threats to poultry production, food security, international trade, and public health. Vaccination is an important component of AIV control; however, antigenic evolution, incomplete reduction of viral shedding, and ch...