Validating a Critical Success Factor Instrument for Digital Facilities Management Implementation in Malaysia Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Digital Facilities Management (DFM) has emerged as a strategic mechanism for improving asset performance, operational coordination, data visibility, and evidence-based decision-making in the built environment. Although previous studies have identified Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for DFM implementation, much of the literature remains focused on conceptual classification, systematic reviews, and theoretical development. Limited empirical research has examined whether DFM CSF indicators form a valid, reliable, and stable measurement instrument, particularly within the Malaysian Facilities Management context. This study addresses that gap by validating a CSF instrument for DFM implementation using the Rasch Measurement Model. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 427 Facilities Management professionals in Malaysia, representing clients, consultants, and contractors. The instrument comprised 41 indicators across eight CSF domains: Maintenance and Technology Integration; Organisational Leadership and Agility; Digital Transformation and Change Management; Sustainability and ESG; Compliance, Governance and Risk; Customer and Stakeholder Focus; Cost Leadership and Resource Optimisation; and Smart Asset and Space Management. Two measurement sets were analysed. Set B measured the perceived importance of each indicator, while Set C assessed implementation status. Rasch diagnostics examined rating scale functioning, item fit, item polarity, dimensionality, reliability, separation, Differential Item Functioning, person fit, and person–item targeting. The findings confirmed that both scales demonstrated measurement validity and reliability. All 41 items were retained. Most items showed productive fit, while several advanced or content-critical indicators displayed elevated or low fit values but retained positive polarity and strong theoretical relevance. Rating categories functioned logically, reliability and separation indices were strong, dimensionality supported dominant Rasch structures, and no significant DIF contrast was identified under the specified WINSTEPS classification. Methodologically, the study confirms the suitability of Rasch analysis for validating CSF instruments in organisational implementation research. Practically, the validated instrument supports DFM readiness assessment, maturity benchmarking, and evidence-based implementation planning within Malaysia’s Facilities Management sector.