M. S. Hamada

Nano-based formulations as a new and efficient tool in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) management in Africa (review)

This review critically examines nano-based formulations-including nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, nanogels, and nano-capsules-as promising alternatives for S. frugiperda management, highlighting advantages such as enhanced efficacy at lower doses, reduced environmental persistence, and decreased resistance development.