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M. Toro

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Review Open access Aug 2026

Photobiomodulation for Photoreceptor Rescue in Retinal Disease: Mitochondrial, Redox, Vascular, and Translational Perspectives—A Narrative Review

The mitochondrial, redox, inflammatory, and neurovascular mechanisms proposed for PBM are examined, and preclinical and clinical evidence across nonexudative AMD, inherited retinal degeneration, diabetic retinal disease, and light-induced damage is discussed.

M. Toro, Alessandro Avitabile, Roberta Amato et al. · 0 citations