Machine Learning-Based Force and Activity Recognition in Total Knee Replacement Using Hybrid Triboelectric/Piezoelectric PVDF Sensors
Smart orthopedic implants require sensing systems that can monitor joint loading without increasing dependence on batteries or complex implanted electronics. Here, we report an implant-integrated hybrid triboelectric–piezoelectric nanogenerator (TPNG) built from six multilayer Cu/PVDF transducers distributed across the...