Manuel Scapellato

Cardiorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Management, and the Challenge of Therapeutic Inertia

Cardiorenal syndrome describes the clinical consequences of the bidirectional influence that cardiac and renal dysfunction exert on each other—a domain in which single-organ care proves insufficient. A 2024 meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence of chronic kidney disease among patients with heart failure at 49%....