Development and temporal validation of AI-enhanced HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence image analysis for specific autoantibody prediction in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
OBJECTIVE ANA indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) is the reference standard but depends on subjective pattern interpretation. We tested whether artificial intelligence (AI) applied to ANA IIF images could identify specific autoantibodies. METHODS We assembled a cohort of ANA-positive patients (HEp-2 IIF titer ≥1:80) wi...