Coordinated Dual-Layer Management of BESS and Volt–VAr Control in Active Distribution Networks
This paper proposes a dual-layer coordinated framework that combines day-ahead battery energy storage system (BESS) scheduling with real-time Volt–VAr Control (VVC) for active distribution networks. The optimization minimizes distribution system technical losses while satisfying operational constraints related to voltage regulation, equipment loading, battery operation, voltage regulator (VR) tap commutation, and smart inverter (SI) operating limits defined by IEEE Std 1547-2018. The planning stage determines the optimal charging and discharging schedule of multiple BESS units over a 24-hour horizon, whereas the operational stage performs real-time VVC through the coordinated control of VRs, capacitor banks (CBs), and SI associated with distributed photovoltaic (DPV) and BESS units. The methodology was implemented in a Python–OpenDSS co-simulation environment and validated on a modified IEEE 34-bus feeder using real SCADA load measurements and solar irradiance data through daily and seasonal operating scenarios under both planning and actual operating conditions. Performance was also compared with conventional local VVC strategies. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework maintains voltages within prescribed limits, eliminates or substantially mitigates reverse power flow, reduces feeder peak demand, and significantly decreases network energy losses. Overall, the proposed strategy significantly enhances the operation of active distribution networks with high renewable energy penetration.