Microbe-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation
: Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is central to global food security, yet its production systems remain highly vulnerable to environmental pressures. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, flooding, and heavy metal toxicity, which significantly reduce global rice productivity. Conventional strategies, including breeding and genetic engineering, have improved stress tolerance; however, their effectiveness is often constrained by long development timelines, complex genetic regulation, and limited performance under multiple concurrent stresses. In this context, plant-associated microorganisms have emerged as a sustainable and promising approach to enhancing rice plant resilience. This review synthesizes current knowledge on beneficial microbes such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), endophytes