Effects of Robot Speed, Number, and Orientation on Operator Stress and Mental Workload in Human–Robot Collaboration: A Multimodal Assessment Using Physiological and Subjective Measures
This study examined the effects of robot speed, number, and spatial orientation on operator stress, mental workload, attention, and excitement during human–robot collaboration. As collaborative robots (cobots) become increasingly prevalent in modern manufacturing, operator safety concerns persist. Despite Industry 5.0’...