Engineered virus-like particle nanoplatforms for next-generation vaccines: antigen display, immune potentiation, and physicochemical stabilization
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are genome-free, self-assembled nanostructures increasingly engineered from passive antigen mimics into multifunctional nanoplatforms integrating antigen display, innate immune activation, and physicochemical stability. Swine viral diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Afri...