The orchid Gastrodia-derived extracellular vesicles deliver miR535 to suppress a fungal effector and facilitate symbiosis with Armillaria.
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures that facilitate cross-kingdom communication by transporting bioactive molecules, including proteins and small RNAs. While their roles in plant immunity against fungal pathogens are well-established, their functions in beneficial or symb...