Black-Box Performance Evaluation of Elastic Block Storage: Contract, Rate-Limiting Model, and Software Exploration
Elastic block storage (EBS) with the storage-compute disaggregated architecture is a key component in modern cloud infrastructure. EBS offers users storage resources in the form of elastic solid-state drives (ESSDs). Nonetheless, despite recent efforts that have documented EBS architectures from the provider's perspective, how ESSDs perform differently from local SSDs and how host software should adapt accordingly have not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we conduct a user-centric, black-box performance characterization of ESSDs from Amazon AWS and Alibaba Cloud. We make three main contributions: (1) an ESSD contract that presents four behavioral observations and five actionable implications for software adaptation, (2) a refined I/O rate-limiting model combining bandwidth-IOPS dual limiting and fine-grained token refilling to suppress latency spikes, and (3) a case study on RocksDB that derives four guidelines on cache management, I/O regulation, storage budget utilization, and compression algorithms. Collectively, we hope these contributions can serve as a practical reference for EBS users to understand and exploit the distinctive performance properties of ESSDs.