Nanobiochar outperforms biochar in reducing cadmium and lead mobility through soil chemical and rhizosphere-mediated phytostabilization.
A soil-column experiment was conducted to compare biochar (BC) and nanobiochar (NB) at 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w) to investigate their potential for stabilizing cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) under bare-soil and maize-planted conditions, enabling separation of amendment effects from rhizosphere-mediated influences. Soil propert...