Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Generative AI and tourism futures: mapping thematic domains through structural topic modeling

Characterizing Web Search by Conversational LLM Agents: From Search Decisions and Strategies to Results and Responses

Conversational LLM agents increasingly rely on Web search, yet the end-to-end lifecycle of agentic search remains poorly understood. We present the first study of Web search across four major conversational platforms (ChatGPT, Claude, Grok, and DeepSeek), combining real-world user interactions (invivo) with controlled...

On Epistemic Diversity in Large Language Models

It is argued that epistemic diversity is a useful evaluation dimension for settings where LLMs are used to support knowledge-intensive tasks, and a preliminary framework for conceptualizing and measuring epistemic diversity in LLMs is proposed, and operationalized in two domains.