Investigating the pollution and air quality situation in Kabul city: Focusing on the concentration of major pollutants and the air quality index
Concentration of different pollutants such as O₃ , NO₂ , SO₂ , CO, PM₁₀ , and PM2.5 in the atmosphere is called air pollution, which created several challenges in the environment and is considered one of the dangerous phenomenal in the current world, in Afghanistan urbanization in last two decades had significant impact on air quality. There is different source of air pollution in urban areas such as industries, more population, transportation system, less vegetation covers and etc. The main goal of this of this research is to analyze the pollutant levels from 2021 to 2024 in Kabul city by analyzing of six major pollutants including O₃ , NO₂ , SO₂ , CO, PM₁₀ , and PM2.5 and comparing them with national standard and by using the AQI to analyses the air quality. This is a quantitative research; data has been collected from National Environmental protection Agency air quality station based in Darulaman area of Kabul city. Significant annual and seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations were found by the results. O₃ concentrations exceeded the national norm during the winter months, ranging from 14 µg/m³ (June 2023) to 181 µg/m³ (December 2022). Particularly in late 2024, NO₂ and SO₂ exhibited significant peaks, with NO₂ reaching 258 µg/m³ and SO₂ reaching 150 µg/m³, both of which exceeded allowable limits. With maximum readings of 221 µg/m³ and 157 µg/m³, respectively, PM₁ 0 and PM₂ .5 were continuously over national norms for a number of months. According to the analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI), PM₂ . ₅ was the main pollutant affecting the general quality of the air. The AQI rating was at its lowest (79) in September 2022 (Moderate) and at its worst (207) in January 2021 (Very Unhealthy). Seasonal trends revealed that while air quality improved somewhat during some summer months, especially in 2022, it deteriorated during the winter months of November through January. Overall, the results show a trend toward worsening air quality in 2023 and 2024, particularly as a result of particle matter pollution.