Numerical Study of An NPZOC Model: Integrator Performance, Bloom Dynamics, and Stability Transitions
. This study introduces the nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton– oxygen–carbon (NPZOC) model, an extended formulation of the classical NPZO sys-tem, to provide a more comprehensive representation of biogeochemical interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Unlike previous studies, the NPZOC model explicitly incorporates carbon...