Precision Oncology in Practice: Translating Molecular Profiling into Clinical Decisions and Patient Outcomes
Precision oncology has revolutionized the treatment of cancer through changing it from organ-based to using molecular profiling technology with associated biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the uses and applications of molecular profiling technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), liquid biopsies, and multi-omics in the process of profiling cancer tumors and their associated molecular changes. This review aims to present the use of molecular profiling technologies in precision cancer care by enabling accurate diagnosis, biomarker discovery, target therapy selection, and resistance and progression monitoring of cancer therapies. We also discuss the limitations in the application of these technologies in clinical practice due to problems such as proper analysis of the data, standardization, availability, and cost. Molecular tumor boards and knowledge banks will be covered under molecular profiling technology in facilitating clinical decisions. The new developments in molecular technologies, which include those targeting single cell and spatial omics, along with the employment of AI-based analyses and adaptive trials, are described as useful instruments for improving stratification and treatment personalization. Lastly, the review describes the key obstacles that need to be overcome in order to allow wider application of precision oncology in global oncology practice.