Nanoemulsion of Calotropis gigantea L. Extract: A Prospective Nanopesticide against Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm)
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm, FAW) is an invasive pest associated with substantial losses in maize production in Indonesia, while effective and environmentally compatible control options remain limited. This study formulated a nanoemulsion of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract (NEC) and evaluated its lethal, subl...