Experimental study of thermal performance of a solar water heating system using Al2O3/water nanofluid
This study presents a systematic experimental investigation of the thermal performance of a flat-plate solar water heating (SWH) system employing Al₂O₃/water nanofluid as the working fluid across three nanoparticle mass concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt%) and four mass flow rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 kg/h) under real outdoo...