Real-time monitoring internet of things-based smart energy management system for university campuses
Traditional energy management at universities is characterised by manual monitoring, static control systems, and lack of real-time data, resulting in excessive energy consumption and high operational costs. This study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) at the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, with the objective of reducing energy consumption and operational costs. The SEMS integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, real-time data analytics, and automated control mechanisms to monitor and manage energy consumption dynamically. Key hardware components include motion sensors, smart meters, and environmental monitors, all connected to a centralised dashboard that provides actionable insights for energy optimisation. A six-month pilot deployment using a three-tier IoT architecture demonstrated energy savings of 30–40%, improved operational efficiency, with automated response times of 2–4 seconds and system uptime exceeding 95%. Comparative analysis confirmed that the SEMS outperforms traditional energy management in responsiveness (automated response time of 2.5–3.5 seconds versus delayed manual response), cost-effectiveness (30–40% reduction in energy expenditure with low long-term operational costs), and data visibility (real-time, room-level consumption data versus monthly, incomplete utility bills). The study provides a scalable framework for implementing smart energy solutions in university settings.