AI Psychometrics: Evaluating Measurement Invariance in Science Self-Efficacy Using Large Language Models
The present study (1) examined sex- and language-based measurement invariance of the science self-efficacy scale using PISA 2006 and 2015 U.S. data (N = 11,323) and (2) evaluated six large language models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Grok, Copilot, MetaAI, Gemini) in generating invariance approximations from prompt content and...