CUMYL-4CN-BINACA exposure is associated with oxidative stress, ER stress-related responses, apoptosis, and altered KIM-1, NGAL, and Nephrin expression in rat kidney.
CUMYL-4CN-BINACA (C-4CN-B), a potent synthetic cannabinoid (SC), is linked to severe systemic toxicity, but its renal molecular toxicity remains unclear. This study examined C-4CN-B-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis. Thirty-two rats...