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Paul Liang

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#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Evolving in Thought Space: Training a Small Model at Test Time Unlocks Better Discoveries

Open-ended scientific discovery often requires repeatedly proposing and evaluating candidate solutions. LLM-based systems can support this process by generating and refining executable solutions from verifier feedback. Methods such as TTT-Discover use test-time training (TTT) to update the solution-generating LLM from...

Chong-He Jiang, Ao Qu, Si-Yuan Liu et al. · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

SPADE: Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Environments

SPADE (Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Executable Environments), a self-play RL framework in which a single LLM plays two roles: an Environment Designer that writes complete, long-horizon training environments as executable code with an OpenAI Gym-style reset()/step() interface, and a Reasoning Agent that le...

Bo Liu, Simon Yu, Yiding Jiang et al. · 7 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2025

HugAgent: A Human Simulation Benchmark for Individual-Level Reasoning

The HUman-Grounded AGENT Benchmark is introduced, which rethinks human reasoning simulation along three dimensions: (i) from averaged to individualized reasoning, (ii) from behavioral mimicry to cognitive alignment, and (iii) from vignette-based to open-ended data.

Chance Jiajie Li, Zhenze Mo, Yuhan Tang et al. · 2 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Aug 2026

SPADE: Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Environments

SPADE (Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Executable Environments), a self-play RL framework in which a single LLM plays two roles: an Environment Designer that writes complete, long-horizon training environments as executable code with an OpenAI Gym-style reset()/step() interface, and a Reasoning Agent that le...

Bo Liu, Simon Yu, Yiding Jiang et al. · 1 citation

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