A Collaborative Decision-Making Framework for Multilane Ramp-Merging in Heterogeneous Traffic Using Improved Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
Ramp-merging areas on freeways are critical nodes for traffic flow transitions but often suffer from low efficiency and elevated safety risks because of multi-vehicle conflicts. This study proposes a distributed decision-making architecture for multilane ramp lane-changing and merging scenarios and develops a Maneuver-...