Learning from multi-agent expert demonstrations, known as Multi-Agent Imitation Learning (MAIL), provides a promising approach to sequential decision-making. However, existing MAIL methods including Behavior Cloning (BC) and Adversarial Imitation Learning (AIL) face significant challenges: BC suffers from the compounding error issue, while the very nature of adversarial optimization makes AIL prone to instability. In this work, we propose M ulti-A gent imitation by learning and sampling from F actor I zed S oft Q-function (MAFIS), a novel method that addresses these limitations for both online and offline MAIL settings. Built upon the single-agent IQ-Learn framework, MAFIS introduces the value decomposition network to factorize the imitation objective at agent level, thus enabling scalable training for multi-agent systems. Moreover, we observe that the soft Q-function implicitly defines the optimal policy as an energy-based model, from which we can sample actions via stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics. This allows us to estimate the gradient of the factorized optimization objective for continuous control tasks, avoiding the adversarial optimization between the soft Q-function and the policy required by prior work. By doing so, we obtain a tractable and non-adversarial objective for both discrete and continuous multi-agent control. Experiments on common benchmarks including the discrete control tasks StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge v2 (SMACv2), Gold Miner, and Multi Particle Environments (MPE), as well as the continuous control task Multi-Agent MuJoCo (MaMuJoCo), demonstrate that MAFIS achieves superior performance compared with baselines. Our code is available at https://github.com/LAMDA-RL/MAFIS .
Yichen Li, Zhongxiang Ling, Tao Jiang et al.· Advances in Neural Informati...· 3 citations
Full-proof autoformalization bridges extensive mathematical proofs in natural language with formally validated reasoning, offering a pathway to elevate the ceiling of verifiable mathematical reasoning. Unlike statement-level formalization, proof autoformalization is a long-horizon challenge requiring coordination of claims, contexts, and dependencies across many proof steps, yet has only recently come under focused study. Current approaches either rely on costly model training or apply excessive, unguided repair at inference time. To this end, we introduce ToMap, a multi-agent framework that structures proof autoformalization as a Decomposer-Formalizer-Prover pipeline with efficient test-time optimization guided by formal verification and semantic rubrics for proof quality. Rather than distributing test-time compute across all agents, we perform bottleneck analysis and identify the Decomposer as the critical bottleneck: the quality of its atomic, self-contained proof units directly determines whether downstream agents can successfully formalize and prove each step. ToMap therefore treats the Formalizer and Prover as downstream executors and efficiently focuses test-time compute on Decomposer refinement. This refinement follows a loop inspired by GEPA, evolving prompts over candidate decompositions and using formal verification progress together with semantic proof rubrics to define a Pareto frontier that guides the next decomposition update. Experiments on ProofFlowBench show that ToMap improves over the best previous method by 19.0% when evaluated by both syntactic correctness and semantic faithfulness, while requiring lower test-time cost. Scaling analysis shows that most gains emerge within a few iterations of decomposition evolution, guiding test-time budget selection.
This work operationalizes constructive specification with constructive specification, which builds hierarchical capability representations from limited profiling over diverse benchmarks, using an optimism-guided profiler that prioritizes informative regions and prunes low-utility areas with guarantees, and enables plug-and-play identification of lightweight agents.
Jian-Dong Liu, Zi-Chen Zhao, Haodong Sun et al.· Proceedings of the 32nd ACM...· 1 citation