Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Bhairab–Rupsha River Basin: An Integrated Approach Using Pollution Indices, Spatial Mapping, and Multivariate Analysis
Heavy metal contamination in tidal river systems is an increasing environmental concern in rapidly urbanizing regions of South Asia. This study presents an integrated assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the Bhairab–Rupsha River basin, Bangladesh. Concentrations of six priority metals—chromium...