Author

Qi Long

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Open access Aug 2026

Statistical impossibility and possibility of aligning LLMs with human preferences: From Condorcet paradox to Nash equilibrium

It is proved that Condorcet cycles exist with probability converging to one exponentially fast under a general probabilistic preference model called the Luce model, thereby demonstrating the impossibility of fully aligning human preferences using reward-based approaches such as reinforcement learning from human feedbac...

Kaizhao Liu, Qi Long, Zhekun Shi et al. · Annals of Statistics · 0 citations

#machine learning Jun 2025

Optimal Estimation of Watermark Proportions in Hybrid AI-Human Texts

This paper addresses the problem of optimally estimating the watermark proportion in mixed-source texts, and proposes efficient estimators for this class of methods, and derive minimax lower bounds for any measurable estimator based on pivotal statistics, showing that their estimators achieve these lower bounds.

Xiang Li, Garrett Wen, Weiqing He et al. · arXiv.org · 5 citations · ⚡1