Qiong Zhao

Trained immunity-based mucosal immunotherapies for preventing respiratory infections: a translational, evidence-graded appraisal of platforms, populations, and the protection–immunopathology balance

Conventional respiratory vaccines protect through antigen-specific immunity, leaving broad gaps against antigenically diverse and emerging pathogens and inducing little protection at the airway surface itself. Trained immunity, the durable epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells and their bone mar...