Multigenerational sulfoxaflor selection induces tolerance but reduces fitness and predatory performance in the biological control agent Coccinella septempunctata.
BACKGROUND Assessing the long-term compatibility of insecticides with biological control agents is essential for sustainable integrated pest management (IPM). While the acute toxicity of sulfoxaflor to beneficial arthropods has been widely studied, its multigenerational effects on predator fitness and biological contro...