Dual-Template Mesoporous Bioactive Glass with Optimized Pore Structure Improve BMP2 Delivery in a Cryogel System for Hemostasis and Osteogenesis.
The management of bone injuries arising from traumatic or pathological origins necessitates biomaterial platforms that bridge immediate hemorrhage control and long-term osteogenic guidance within a single implantable system. In this study, we fabricated a chitosan-based composite cryogel (CMS-BG/BMP2) using dual-template mesoporous bioactive glass (dMBG). By using the double-template agent method, we enhanced the specific surface area of bioactive glass, optimized its pore architecture, improved the loading efficiency of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and achieved its controlled release, thereby circumventing the adverse effects caused by excessive local concentration of BMP2. The cryogel exhibited over 20 kPa compressive strength, favorable cyclic compression resistance, and controlled degradation (∼50% mass loss in 28 days). Hemocompatibility assays confirmed its safety, while dMBG incorporation enhanced blood cell adhesion and hemostatic efficacy without compromising biocompatibility. In vitro tests showed that the composite promoted mice bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) migration and osteogenic differentiation by upregulating ALP activity, calcium nodule formation, and osteogenesis-related genes. This multifunctional material integrates hemostasis, structural support, and bioactivity, offering great potential for the clinical treatment of hemorrhagic bone defects.