Background and objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prominent inflammatory autoimmune illnesses, causing polyarticular synovitis. The precise causes of RA are still unknown; however, chronic inflammation patterns are influenced by a combination of immunological, environmental, and epigenetic factors. Anti-CCP antibodies are a particular biomarker for RA diagnosis and severity. Alterations of complement components and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are critical to the pathogenesis of RA. The current study intended to compare and examine the immunological properties of anti-CCP, IL-10, IL-17, and C5a antibodies in samples from RA patients and healthy individuals. The study evaluated medication exposure and various immune markers simultaneously to enhance immunological profiling, clinical accuracy, and classification of patients with RA
Methods: The Cobas e 411 analyzer was used to measure the anti-CCP antibody levels in the serum of 60 RA patients and 40 healthy individuals. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique from the BioTek ELx800 was used to estimate the levels of IL-17, IL-10, and C5a in the sera of participants. Both groups were matched in age and ethnicity. An unpaired T-test was used to analyze data statistically using the GraphPad Prism 8 program. The ANOVA test was used for more than 2 groups.
Results: The current study indicated that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had a significantly lower concentration of IL-10 serum levels as compared to the healthy controls, yet with increased levels of IL-17, C5a, and anti-CCP antibodies. Some of the causes of the decrease in IL-10 might be chronic inflammation and the suppressive action of the pro-inflammatory cytokines on its production and signaling. Further, RA patients under corticosteroid treatment had reduced levels of IL-17, C5a, and anti-CCP antibodies compared to untreated patients, showing corticosteroid therapy lowers the inflammatory mediators without restoring the IL-10 levels.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients shifted from anti-inflammatory (like IL-10) to pro-inflammatory (like IL-17) properties. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine markers like IL-10 and greater levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-17, inflammatory markers like C5a, and rheumatoid arthritis markers like anti-CCP.
Rezan Kaka Sur, R. Kheder· Zanco Journal of Medical Sci...· 0 citations
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Over the past decades, advances in multimodal treatment have significantly improved patient survival. However, disease recurrence, metastatic progression, and therapeutic resistance continue to limit long-term outcomes, underscoring the need for more effective therapies. Among emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has attracted considerable attention. CAR-T therapy has achieved remarkable success in hematologic malignancies, prompting its investigation in breast cancer. However, translating this success to solid tumors remains challenging because of fundamental biological differences between hematologic and solid malignancies. Major barriers include antigen heterogeneity, limited tumor trafficking and infiltration, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and therapy-related toxicities. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies are currently evaluating CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors, including breast cancer. These efforts incorporate next-generation CAR designs and novel engineering strategies with the goal of reproducing the clinical success achieved in hematologic malignancies. Although the available clinical evidence is still largely limited to early-phase trials, current findings suggest that CAR-T therapy in breast cancer is feasible and generally well tolerated. Most reported adverse events have been low-grade inflammatory toxicities, whereas severe neurotoxicity and dose-limiting toxicities have been infrequent. Despite this favorable safety profile, clinical responses remain modest, with stable disease representing the most common outcome and durable objective responses being uncommon. These findings underscore the need to overcome the major biological barriers that continue to limit CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors. This review summarizes recent advances in CAR-T cell engineering, discusses the major target antigens investigated to date, provides a comprehensive overview of the available clinical evidence, and examines the key biological and clinical challenges that must be addressed to improve future therapeutic outcomes.
Ahmad Farajzadeh, Mahmoud Mahmoudi, Soroush Yazdani et al.· International Immunopharmaco...· 0 citations
