Surface Modification of Biomaterials Using Electrospun Nanofibers—A Review
Electrospun nanofibrous coatings have emerged as a strategy to enhance the biological and functional performance of implantable biomaterials, but the adhesion and multifunctionality are still challenges. By mimicking the extracellular matrix architecture, these coatings improve cell adhesion and proliferation while enabling the localized and controlled delivery of therapeutic agents. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of recent advances in electrospun coatings applied to metallic, ceramic, and polymeric implants. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between substrate characteristics, surface modification strategies, and coating adhesion. Polycaprolactone emerges as the most widely employed polymer, while hydroxyapatite is the predominant inorganic phase incorporated into electrospun nanofibers to enhance bioactivity and osteointegration. The review discusses passive and active surface modification by electrospun coatings, including chemical functionalization, intermediate layers deposition, and topography modification, highlighting their impact on coating stability, corrosion resistance, and biological response. Emerging trends such as piezoelectric coatings, integration with additive manufacturing, use of co‐axial electrospinning, and the application of artificial intelligence for process optimization are also addressed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, focusing on improving long‐term coating adhesion, developing stimuli‐responsive delivery systems, and designing multifunctional implantable devices.