Rasha Jamal Hindi

Lightweight Hybrid CNN-Transformer Architecture for Diabetic Retinopa-thy Grading from Fundus Images: A Feature Fusion Approach with Dual Explainability

The results indicate that the proposed framework presents a concise and semantically meaningful method for DR grading and may facilitate future clinical decision-support assessments, but future prospective validation with ophthalmologists re-mains required before its implementation in a real clinical setting.