A systematic review of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Ethnobotany, bioactive compounds, therapeutic potential and toxicological insights
Clerodendrum , a historically circumscribed diverse genus of over 500 species, now delimited to around 150-190 species on account of molecular-phylogenetic studies, distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, many of which are integral to traditional medicine systems such as ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, and African ethnomedicine. This review compiles and critically analyses updated data on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicological profiles, and food as well as non-food applications of prominent Clerodendrum spp . These species exhibit a broad range of bioactive properties including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects, primarily due to the presence of terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Moreover, its toxicological studies also indicate the overall safety for most species at therapeutic doses, although certain extracts (e.g., C. myricoides ) demonstrate dose-dependent toxicity. The multifaceted roles of various Clerodendrum spp . are underscored, emphasizing their pharmacological potential and industrial value, along with a call for standardized research, sustainable utilization, and bioprospecting.