Reyhan Pratisara

Synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera and spirulina supplementation combined with short-term fasting on gill integrity and bacterial load in heat-stressed Nile Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Background: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production faces persistent threat from Aeromonas hydrophila, the causative agent of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, whose virulence is substantially amplified under thermal stress. Antibiotic-dependent disease management has accelerated multidrug resistance, necessitating...