A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine - Tramadol Instillation in Laparoscopic Surgery Patients
Background: Postoperative pain after laparoscopic surgery arises from peritoneal irritation, diaphragmatic stretch, and residual CO₂. Opioid-based analgesia is effective but associated with nausea, vomiting, ileus, and delayed discharge. Multimodal analgesia, including intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetics...