Reinvigorating the Philippine Seaweed Industry: Institutional Dynamics and Structural Constraints from IAD, SES, & ECR Perspectives
The Philippine Ocean is among the world’s most productive marine ecosystems and a critical pillar of the country’s economy. Seaweed farming, a major coastal livelihood and export commodity, reached a historic peak of 1.84 million metric tons in 2011 but declined by 17% by 2020. This study assesses the decline through...