Wireless Communication Technologies for Electric Vehicles: Architecture, Protocols, Performance Analysis and Future Directions
The demand and rapid increase of electric vehicles (EVs), has created an unparalleled demand for wireless communication infrastructures that are robust having low-latency and very secure, across global transportation networks. This paper presents a broad analysis of wireless communication technologies applied to electric vehicles, across highlighted critical metrics including latency, throughput, reliability, spectral efficiency and security resilience integrating vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, software updates, wireless charging (WPT), battery management and smart grid integration. LTE-V and NR-V2X (5G), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and emerging 6G-compatible frameworks is used to analyze the performance of IEEE 802.11p (DSRC), Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X). An experimental testbed comprising 24 EV nodes was deployed over 18 months, across an urban mesh network, generating over 4.2 terabytes of empirical communication data. Results show that NR-V2X achieves sub-10 ms end-to-end latency with 99.97% packet delivery ratio, outperforming DSRC by 58% in dense urban topologies. The proposed Adaptive Multi-Protocol Switching (AMPS) algorithm reduces communication overhead by 34.7% while maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) thresholds. The findings offer critical insights for policymakers, EV manufacturers, and network operators designing next-generation connected EV infrastructure