Evolving Process Dynamics Governing Porosity and Porosity-Microstructure Interactions in Powder Bed Fusion–Laser Beam Additive Manufacturing
Powder Bed Fusion–Laser Beam (PBF-LB) enables fabrication of complex, near-net-shape metal parts, yet its adoption in fracture-critical applications remains limited by process-induced porosity. Conventional process windows, developed under nominally steady-state conditions, map porosity regimes such as balling, keyhole...