Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Agroforestry Systems: A Review of Strategies and Environmental Outcomes
Agroforestry, which combines trees with crops and/or livestock within the same production system, has gained increasing attention as a sustainable land management approach capable of delivering multiple environmental benefits. This review synthesizes current evidence on the environmental performance of agroforestry, with particular emphasis on soil quality, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem stability. The literature consistently shows that agroforestry improves soil health by increasing organic matter through leaf litter, root turnover, and biomass decomposition, thereby enhancing soil structure, water infiltration, and nutrient availability. Deep-rooted tree species play a key role in recycling nutrients from deeper soil horizons, while nitrogen-fixing trees enrich soil fertility and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers. Their extensive root systems also stabilize soil and minimize erosion, especially in degraded or sloping landscapes. Beyond soil improvement, agroforestry creates structurally complex habitats that support diverse plant and animal communities, including pollinators, birds, beneficial insects, and soil microorganisms. This greater habitat diversity promotes species richness, strengthens ecological interactions, and improves landscape connectivity by facilitating species movement and genetic exchange. Agroforestry also enhances ecosystem resilience by increasing functional diversity and ecological redundancy, allowing production systems to better withstand disturbances such as drought, pest outbreaks, and extreme weather events. Collectively, these functions make agroforestry an effective nature-based solution for restoring ecosystem processes, strengthening climate resilience, and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural landscapes.