Environment-dependent roles of green TiO₂ nanoparticles in biosurfactant-assisted pyrene biodegradation by Bacillus thuringiensis.
The findings demonstrate that the effects of biosurfactant and TiO₂NPs on pyrene biodegradation are strongly matrix-dependent, with biosurfactant-mediated mobilization contributing substantially to contaminant accessibility and TiO₂NPs influencing pyrene partitioning and microbial-contaminant interactions.