Teacher Competencies and Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Achievement in Primary Education: A Conceptual Framework and Review of Indian Evidence
Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) has become a central priority of primary education in India under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the NIPUN Bharat Mission. Policy implementation, however, depends on how teachers interpret curriculum expectations, select pedagogical strategies, assess learning, res...